Metric Malleability and Performer Expressivity in the First Movement of Beethoven's "Piano Sonata", Op. 14, No. 2

Stacey Davis, University of Texas at San Antonio

Metric ambiguity is often created by momentary contradictions to a clear metric structure or by persistent incongruities that cause an overall metric shift. In contrast, metric malleability occurs when a passage allows for several viable metric interpretations. London (2012) suggests that performers play a significant role in the perception of malleable melodies. A consistent use of certain expressive variations could clarify the metric structure by drawing attention to a single interpretation, while a performance without such nuances would remain metrically malleable. One example of metric malleability occurs in the first movement of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 14, No. 2, where phenomenal accents produce three possible metric organizations of the primary theme. In order to investigate the performer's role, an analysis of this theme is combined with a study of expressive nuances in commercially recorded performances of 15 expert pianists. Measurements of timing and dynamics reveal that these performers tend to preserve the malleability of this theme by refraining from using variations that clarify a single metric interpretation. This is accomplished by simultaneously emphasizing multiple possible downbeats, stressing notes that are unlikely to be perceived as downbeats, or performing with a strict tempo and dynamic level. The analysis of expressive variations is a first step in understanding the relationship between metric malleability, performer expressivity, and listener perception. Subsequent research will correlate these results with those of a listening study that provides further information about the extent to which expressive variations clarify or confound the perception of metrically malleable music.